Pre-higher Education System
Duration of compulsory education
Age of entry: 7
Age of exit: 15
Structure of school
system
Type/level of education:
Primary
Type of school:
SCOALA PRIMARA
Length of program (years): 4
Age level:
from 7 to 11
Type/level of education:
General
Type of school:
GIMNAZIU
Length of program (years): 4
Age level:
from 11 to 15
Certificate awarded:
CERTIFICAT DE ABSOLVIRE A GIMNAZIULUI
Type/level of education:
Secondary
Type of school:
LICEU
Length of program (years): 5
Age level:
from 15 to 20
Certificate awarded:
DIPLOMA DE BACALAUREAT
Type/level of education:
Vocational
Type of school:
LICEU DE SPECIALITATE
Length of program (years):
2
Age level:
from 15 to 17
Certificate awarded:
CERTIFICAT DE ABSOLVIRE
Type/level of education:
Professional
Type of school:
SCOALA PROFESIONALA
Length of program (years): 2
Age level:
from 15 to 17
Certificate awarded:
CERTIFICAT DE ABSOLVIRE
Type/level of education:
Specialized Tech./Voc.
Type of school:
SCOALA TEHNICA
Length of program (years): 3
Age level:
from 17 to 20
Certificate awarded:
CERTIFICATE DE ABSOLVIRE
Type/level of education:
Specialized Tech./Voc.
Type of school:
SCOALA POST-LICEALA
Length of program (years): 3
Age level:
from 18 to 21
Certificate awarded:
CERTIFICAT DE ABSOLVIRE A SCOLII POST-LICEALE
Description of secondary
school system
Secondary school education is organized as a second cycle
of education (grades 9 through 12 or 9 through 13). The system contains
the following units of secondary school education: liceu, liceu de specialitate
si scoala profesionala. As for the duration of studies, it is adapted to
the type of secondary school (academic secondary school, industrial, agricultural,
economic and administrative secondary school, normal schools: 9-12; forestry,
fine arts, sports, cybernetics and metrology: 9-13) or the form of education
(academic secondary school and industrial, agricultural, economic and administrative
secondary school evening classes: 9-13). Graduates from scoala profesionala
do not have the right to apply for higher education programmes.
Higher Education System
Structure of system
Higher education in Romania is offered in both public
and private higher education institutions. It comprises universities, academies,
politechnics, institutes and colleges, organized in specialization departments.
In accordance with its objectives, university education comprises: short-standing
university education carried out in university colleges (duration 2 to
3 years), long-standing university education (duration 4 to 6 years) and
university education for full elaborate studies (duration 1 to 2 years).
Public higher education institutions are coordinated by the Ministry of
Education. University autonomy is fully guaranteed. Private higher education
is an alternative or a complement to public education. They are subject
to an accreditation process each year. Accredited private institutions
may obtain state support.
Main types of higher
education institutions in country
Type of institution: UNIVERSITATE
Translation:
UNIVERSITY
Type of institution: ACADEMIE
Translation:
ACADEMY
Type of institution: POLITEHNICA
Translation:
POLITECHNICS
Type of institution: INSTITUT
Translation:
INSTITUTE
Type of institution: COLEGIU
Translation:
COLLEGE
Main laws/decrees governing
higher education
Name of law/decree: Law no. 88/1993
on Accreditation of H. Ed. Institutions & Recogn. of Diplomas
Date:
17 December, 1993
Institution type:
All higher education institutions
Name of law/decree: Law on Education
no. 84/1995
Date:
26 June, 1995
Institution type:
All higher education institutions
Name of law/decree: Law no. 88/1993
concerning the accreditation of the high. education institutions
Institution type:
all higher education institutions
Name of law/decree: Resol. of
the Rom. Gov. no. 568 conc. the delivr. of the prov. autoriz. of func
Date:
28 July, 1995
Institution type:
all higher education instituions
Administrative structure
of higher education
Name of body: Ministry of
Education. Higher Education Department.
Role:
The Ministry of Education manages the national educational system. It can
establish expert structures.
Address:
Street: General Berthelot, nr. 30
City: Bucharest
Postal code: 70738
Telephone: 40-1-6157430
Fax: 40-1-3126614
Name of body: National
Council for Accreditation and Academic Evaluation
Address:
Street: Strada Schitu Magureanu 1
City: Bucuresti
Postal code: 70626
Telephone: 40-1-3127135
Name of body: The National
Rectors' Conference of Romania (NRC)
Address:
Street: Bulevardul Eroilor 29
City: Brasov BV
Postal code: 2200
Telephone: 40-68-142576
Fax: 40-68-150274
Academic year
Classes start:
September
Classes end:
July
Long vacation:
from 15 July, to 1 October
Languages of instruction
Romanian
Stages and Organization
of Higher Education Studies
University
level studies
Stage 1:
First stage
Description: The first stage of university-level study
comprises short-term university education carried out in university colleges
(duration 2 to 3 years) or long-term university education (duration 4 to
6 years, according to the profile). Short-term university education is
organized separately or for the first two years as an integral part of
the long-term university education. Short-term university education ends
with the graduation examination "Diploma de absolvire". Long-term university
education ends either with a diploma paper and a "Certificat de absolvire",
or with a diploma paper and 2 or 3 licence examinations, and the "Diploma
de licenta".
Stage 2:
Further studies or post-graduate academic studies
Description: Education for further studies are of 1 -
2 years' duration, full-time only. It may only be attended by graduates
with a graduation diploma and with good scientific results. Holders of
a first degree may either continue their training by taking a one- or two-year
master programme (which ends with an examination and the "Diploma de studii
aprofundate"), or take specialist programmes the length of which may vary
according to the field of study, but may not be less than one year (ending
with an examination and the "Diploma de absolvire").
Stage 3:
Doctorate
Description: The Doctorate in Romania is the highest postgraduate
stage of professional scientific specialization, lasting 3 - 5 years. There
is only one type of doctorate, and it is comparable to the PhD. Doctorate
studies can be carried out either in full-time courses (three years) or
in extra-mural courses (four years). Extra-mural courses can be also organised
in main foreign languages. Candidates who have passed the examination for
the doctor's degree (doctorate) are awarded the "Diploma de doctor in stiinte".
Teacher
education
Training of primary/basic
school teachers
Pre-primary teachers (educatori or tutori) and primary
school teachers (invatatori) are trained either in five years in normal
secondary schools (licee normale) or in teachers' colleges. They are trained
to teach subjects such as foreign languages, music and drawing or physical
education in lower secondary school. The length of teachers' colleges programmes
is two years for secondary school teachers graduates, and three years for
other secondary-school graduades.
Training of secondary school
teachers
Secondary-school teachers for lower secondary, vocational,
secondary and post-secondary education (instructori and profesori) are
trained for two to three years, respective for four to six years in universities,
academies and institutes, the former being known as university colleges,
while the latter are meant for the rest of the teaching staff.
Training of higher education
teachers
Higher education teachers (lectori asistenti, lectori
asistenti, lectori, profesori asociati, profesori, si profesori consultanti)
are appointed on a competitive basis from among graduates of higher education
institutions who have demonstrated outstanding teaching and research qualities.
Most candidates seeking positions as teachers in higher education are engaged
in or have completed doctoral studies. Possession of a Doctor's degree
is compulsory for senior appointments as lectori and profesori.
Non-formal
studies
Distance higher education
A National Centre for Open Distance Education has been
created in 8 main university centres and have the full support of 12 universities
within the PHARE Programme for Multi-Country Cooperation for Distance Education
(1995-1997).
Lifelong higher education
Ministries, national authorities, commercial companies
or other legal entities run, jointly with education companies or separately,
adult training and refresher programmes to improve qualifications of their
present or future employees, or re-train them. Such programmes are not
certified by the Ministry of Education, except for the retraining courses
offered to the jobless jointly with the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection
for re-employment purposes.
Other forms of non-formal
education
Open education institutions can be created with the Ministry
of Education's consent for adult education or for the attainment
of specific goals of the education system.
Grading
system
Usual grading system in (upper)
secondary school
A 10-point grading system is
used in upper secondary school: 10 - 1.
Highest on scale: 10
Pass/fail level:
5/4
Lowest on scale:
1
Main grading system generally
used by higher education institutions
A 10-point grading system is
used in the higher education system: 10 -1.
Highest on scale: 10
Pass/fail level:
5/4
Lowest on scale:
1
Admissions
to Higher Education and Recognition of Foreign Credentials
Admission to
Vocational/Technical Studies
Admission to higher vocational/technical
or other professionally oriented non-university level studies
Secondary school credential/certificate/diploma(s)
required for entry
Name of sec. school credential:
DIPLOMA DE BACALAUREAT
Minimum score/requirement: 5
For: all post-secondary schools
Total number of years of primary
and secondary school study: 3
National admission entrance
examination requirements
Name of test/exam: EXAMEN DE
ADMITERE
Minimum score
: 5
For: all post-secondary schools
Numerus clausus established
in the country for students entering higher vocational/technical education
At level of institutions: Y
Admissions to university
level
Secondary school credential/certificate/diploma(s)
required for entry
Name of sec. school credential:
DIPLOMA DE BACALAUREAT
For: Short- and long-term university
education
Total number of years of primary
and secondary school study: 13
National admission entrance
examination requirements
Name of test/exam: EXAMEN DE
ADMITERE
Minimum score
: 5
For: All higher education institutions,
fine arts excepted (minimum score: 6).
Name of test/exam: EXAMEN DE
ADMITERE IN ANUL III
Minimum score
: pass
For: long-term univ. education,
for graduates of of the short-term univ. education
Numerus clausus established
in the country for students entering university level education
At level of institutions: Y
At country/state level: Y
Specified restrictions of
the country/state level:
The enrolment quota in free public university education
is set by Government decision every year on the basis of projects and of
proposals from the senates of higher education institutions.
Admission for foreign
students
Special admission requirements
for foreign students at national level:
Definition of a "foreign"
student:A foreign student is a student who does not have Romanian citizenship,
or lives abroad.
Quotas established for foreign
students:
At institution level: N
At country/state level: N
Special entry regulations
for foreign students in country/state:
Foreign students must have a certified copy attesting
the last school they graduated from (for entry to higher education this
document is the baccalaureate Diploma; for post-graduate education, the
Graduation Diploma of the institution.
Source:
UNESCO/CEPES, 1995, updated 1997
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